Types and characteristics of stamping die materials

This series of TOOLOX materials is a new type of pre-hardened tool steel with high toughness, high wear resistance and basically no internal stress. And the purity is very high, the grain size is small, the content of S and P is very small, the content of precipitated carbide is very small, and it is very uniform. Due to the special composition design, this series of TOOLOX materials have excellent surface treatment performance. The surface hardness of TOOLOX44 after nitridation can reach HRC65, TOOLOX can reach 40, the surface hardness can reach HRC62 or above, and the surface hardness of TOOLOX33 can reach HRC58 or above, and the depth is up to 1.8mm.​​

The above characteristics of TOOLOX series materials make TOOLOX series materials have special advantages in some stamping dies:

1. Stamping and forming dies for thicker steel plates (a typical case of punching and shearing thickness of 35mm), stainless steel plates, and non-ferrous metal plates, typically air-conditioning fin dies.

2. Drawing die, stainless steel drawing die.

3. Cold extrusion die, cold extrusion 304 stainless steel, thickness above 0.5mm, replace DC53 and other materials, the effect is very good.​​

4. Large stamping templates that require high dimensional stability.

Material selection and characteristics and advantages of stamping die

1. Material selection of stamping die

The material types of stamping dies include steel, cemented carbide, steel-bonded cemented carbide, zinc-based alloys, low melting point alloys, aluminum bronze, polymer materials, etc. At present, the materials of stamping die are mainly steel, low alloy tool steel, high carbon and high chromium, medium carbon alloy steel, high speed steel, basic steel, hard alloy, steel bonded hard alloy, etc.

The material of the stamping die should have high hardness, strength and wear resistance, but also need appropriate toughness and high hardenability. In order to ensure the service life of mold products, it is necessary to select raw materials according to the use of molds, stress conditions, production batches, production efficiency and working conditions.

Second, the characteristics and advantages of stamping die

1. The number of parts completed by the stamping die per unit time is several times, even hundreds to thousands of times that of the general processing method. In addition, a set of dies can be stamped to further improve production efficiency.

2. The products produced by stamping die have the characteristics of stable quality, strong mechanical properties, compact structure, good interchangeability, good wear resistance, convenient maintenance and mass production.

3. The material utilization rate of the stamping die is high, and various layout methods such as cross, oblique, multi-row, mixing, and nesting can be adopted, which can reduce the cost of product materials.

4. Under normal circumstances, there is no need to heat the material during the stamping process, which not only saves energy, reduces the occupation of heating equipment and venues, but also avoids the oxidation, burns and deformation of the product surface caused by heating.

5. Stamping dies are widely used, which can solve the operations that cannot or are difficult to be completed by general processing methods, and are especially suitable for the processing of thin, soft, difficult and micro parts.

Finally, the processing process of stamping dies is very simple, the technical requirements for operators are not high, and the labor intensity is low. After receiving short-term job training, workers can start to operate. And during the operation, the basic movements of the workers are the same and are not affected by the complexity of the product.

How to choose the tolerance of precision metal stamping parts

Dimensional tolerances of formed stampings: The formed stampings are divided into 10 precision grades, represented by FT1 to ft10, where ft represents the dimensional tolerance of the formed stampings, and the Arabic numerals indicate the tolerance level. Accuracy class reduced from FT1 to FT10.

The limit deviation of stamping parts: the stamping deviation of the hole size is 0, the upper deviation is the lower deviation plus the dimensional tolerance; the upper deviation of the shaft size is the basic deviation, the value is 0, and the lower deviation is the upper deviation minus the dimensional tolerance. The upper and lower deviations of hole center distance, hole edge distance, bend, stretch length and height are half the dimensional tolerance.

Tolerance is the range of dimensional variation. The lower the value, the lower the precision and the less difficult the processing; the lower the value, the higher the precision and the more difficult the processing. So what are the important considerations in production:

1. Bending angle: the angular size of the stamping part formed by bending.

2. Blanking angle: the angle dimension formed by blanking on the plane of the flat or forming part.

3. Blanking fillet radius: the linear dimension of the fillet radius of the stamping part, the parts processed by the separation process such as stamping and blanking.

4. Forming size: the angular size formed by the bending linear dimension of the stamping part processed by stretching and other processes.

5. Blanking size: the linear size of stamping parts, used for stamping, blanking and other separation processes.

How to control the quality problems of metal stamping parts?

First, the main characteristics of metal stamping parts

1. Metal stamping parts are manufactured under the premise of low material consumption. The parts are light in weight and good in rigidity. After plastic deformation, the internal structure of the metal is improved, and the strength of the stamping parts is improved.

2. The dimensional accuracy of metal stamping parts is high, the size of the same mold is uniform, and the interchangeability is good. Meets general assembly and use requirements without further processing.

3. During the stamping process, since the surface of the material is not damaged, the surface quality is good, and the appearance is smooth and beautiful, which provides convenient conditions for surface coating, electroplating, phosphating and other surface treatments.

2. Control the quality problems of metal stamping parts

1. It is very important to test the first piece of metal stamping parts. In the first process before the mold is ready to be shipped, some stamping parts need to be trial-assembled, so that the relevant accessories can be trial-installed before production.

2. The hardware stamping parts are inspected according to the process time to prevent the variation in the stamping process, such as size problems when the production time is too long, and few holes caused by broken needles of the inserts.

3. Sampling inspection before the metal stamping parts flow into the next process to ensure the qualification of the material again.

The quality of metal stamping parts is very important for the quality of metal stamping parts, which is related to the use effect and longevity of stamping parts. The metal stamping parts mentioned above are the main products of Zhejiang Baifudu Electromechanical Co., Ltd., with many types, good die-casting effect and wide application range.

How to choose metal working fluid for automotive metal stamping parts?

1. Stamping equipment in the automotive industry

In addition to thick plate hydraulic press forming, stamping equipment generally uses mechanical presses. Centered on a modern high-speed multi-station mechanical press, equipped with uncoiling, leveling, finished product collection, transportation, mold library, and rapid mold changing devices, controlled by computer programs, it can form an automatic stamping production line with high production efficiency.

2. Introduction of metal stamping parts stamping products

Stamping has a wide range of applications. 60-70% of the world’s steel is sheet metal, most of which is made by stamping. Automobile body, chassis, fuel tank, radiator sheet, boiler drum, container shell, iron core and silicon steel sheet of motor and electrical appliances are all stamped.

The metal stamping process in the automotive industry includes mold manufacturing, sheet cutting, and subsequent processes including cleaning, rust prevention, and surface treatment. There are many types of oils involved, such as rail oil, cutting fluid, cutting oil, cleaning agent, anti-rust oil, high temperature grease, etc. The metal stamping parts processing manufacturer “Baifudu Electromechanical” recommends to you that the oil products used for metal stamping parts mainly include hydraulic oil (HM46, HM68), cutting fluid (SCC618A, SCC638), stamping oil (oily, volatile such as BT -17 Stamping and stretching oil. BT-17 stamping and stretching oil is based on refined mineral oil, compounded with various special additives such as extreme pressure, oiliness and rust prevention. It has good lubricity and extreme pressure resistance. Abrasion, rust resistance and oxidation stability, etc. It can effectively protect the mold and meet the stamping and drawing process requirements of stainless steel and carbon steel and other steel plates) and so on.

3. What is metalworking fluid

Metalworking fluids are mainly liquids for metalworking, which play the role of lubrication and cooling, as well as anti-rust cleaning and other functions.

It’s mainly for smack

Metalworking fluids can be roughly divided into 4 types: pure oil, soluble oil, synthetic fluid and semi-synthetic fluid:

1. The oil content of 90%~95% is pure oil metalworking fluid.

2. Emulsified metalworking fluids with a mineral oil content of more than 50%.

3. Mineral oil content of 5% to 50% is a semi-synthetic metal working fluid.

4. The one that does not contain mineral oil is a fully synthetic metal working fluid. The latter 3 are also commonly referred to as water-based metalworking fluids.

There are also many types of processing fluids

Metalworking fluids generally include cutting fluid, cutting oil, emulsion, stamping oil, quenching oil, quenching agent, high temperature oil, extreme pressure cutting fluid, grinding fluid, antirust oil, cleaning agent, blackening agent, deep drawing oil, thickener etc. Environmentally friendly synthetic fluids are the general direction of future development of metalworking fluids.

Well, the above is the relevant content of how to choose metal working fluid for automotive metal stamping parts, I hope it can be helpful to readers.

Common problems of car wiper motor

Common problems of car wiper motor

Q1. What is the RPM of the wiper motor?

A. The wiper motor speed is usually around 45 rpm (normal speed) and 65 rpm (on fast setting). It is also available in 6V, 12V and 24V configurations. A typical wiper motor uses 2 to 4 amps of current. Most wiper systems allow two speed settings for the wipers. In such a setup, the motor uses three brushes instead of two.

Q2. What is the function of the wiper motor pulse board module?

A. A module is a circuit board that contains the wiper system’s electronic control circuitry. It determines various actions, including speed setting, wiper parking, and closing and closing of the wiping mechanism. Simply put, it determines the operation of the wiper motor and linkage. Although the module is protected from the harsh conditions of the engine compartment, it can still be damaged. Fortunately, it’s a replaceable part.

Q3. Why do wiper motors need relays?

A. The relay uses less current to turn on more current for the motor. Some motors use relays, while others don’t. Typically, the wiper motor current rating determines whether a relay is required. Higher rated motors require one, while lower power types do not. If you have a rear windshield wiper, its motor probably uses a relay.

Q4. How long should the windshield wiper motor be used?

A. The wiper motor lasts as long as the life of the car. However, this doesn’t always happen. Depending on usage and operating conditions, components tend to fail earlier.

If you have to use your windshield wipers every day, chances are the motor will wear out after a few years. Electrical failures can also shorten lifespan if the wiper motor causes it to burn out. Poorly maintained wiper linkage can also stress the motor. To extend the life of your wiper motor, here are some helpful tips

Ensure regular maintenance, such as lubricating moving parts of connecting rods and replacing worn parts

Be sure to manually disengage wiper blades that have not been used for a while

Avoid situations where frozen wiper blades are used to prevent stress on the motor

Always make sure the wipers are in the correct parked position when not in use. They don’t stress the motor on startup

Get in the habit of turning off the wipers in front of the engine so they return to the parking space properly

Q5. What are the signs of a broken car wiper motor?

A. The wiper motor contains mechanical and electrical components. These can cause different symptoms when damaged or worn. With a keen eye, you can easily pick out these signs. Here’s how to tell if your windshield wiper motor is bad.

Wiper does not move when open

The wipers don’t stop when you want to

The wipers move slower than usual

You can’t change wiper settings, such as moving to a higher speed

Wiper motor rubbing or clanking

The wipers do not “stop” or return to the very bottom of the windshield when closing the wipers

Most signs are caused by a worn motor that needs to be replaced or damaged a single component that can be replaced. Blockage is also another reason why you may see bad wiper motor symptoms.

Q6. Is the wiper motor repairable?

A. They are, depending on the nature of the damage. Worn brushes can be replaced or the armature rewound. Other replaceable parts include gears in the motor drive. Cleaning a clogged wiper motor or its transmission components does not require replacement to restore its function. Many people don’t repair wiper motors. Instead, they replace the entire system.

Question 7. What is the price range of car wiper motors?

A. The wiper motor cost varies by manufacturer, ranging from $200 to $2000. Depending on the type of motor or model and the vehicle used, the number may be lower or higher. Different wiper motor suppliers will also have different price tags for the same product. When purchasing a replacement motor, we recommend that you compare prices from different suppliers.

Q8. What is the average cost of replacing a wiper motor?

A: You may pay between $100 and $500 for wiper motor replacement work. That doesn’t include the cost of purchasing components, which range from $200 to $2,000 for most models. If you choose to do it yourself, make sure you have the instructions for the program. Wiper motor replacement instructions are usually included in the product packaging.

Question 9. Can I replace the wiper motor myself?

A. The wiper motor position makes the task somewhat difficult. There are several components to remove, and you need to understand the process. You also need the right tools. If you have both the knowledge and the equipment to install, a DIY job can save you about $1,000. Having said that, it is always recommended to let a mechanic do the work.

Question 10. How do I buy a windshield wiper motor?

A. The wiper motor is made for a specific brand of car. So what you need to know about your vehicle type

What is the reason for the high scrap rate of metal stamping parts?

1. The raw materials do not meet the standard.

Raw material is the first guarantee for processing qualified stamping parts. If the raw material hardness and surface quality cannot meet the requirements, the scrap rate of stamping parts will be too high. Especially for some stamping parts with large deformation, if the raw materials are not qualified, cracks and damage will occur. Therefore, when purchasing raw materials, we cannot be greedy for cheap, but look for reliable and regular raw material business.

Second, the die is not installed as required.

The installation of the molding die does not meet the requirements of the specification, resulting in poor cooperation between the upper die and the lower die in the die, resulting in a high rejection rate. Stamping die is the basis of stamping parts processing. Installation is important if there is no problem with the mold. Don’t think that the installation of stamping die is very simple, even a small error may cause the production of stamping parts to be scrapped. The determination of the concentricity, clearance and flatness of the upper and lower dies has an important influence on the installation of the punching die.

Third, mold wear.

Long-term use of stamping dies, worn or loose parts can also cause product scrap. Many stamping plants do not carry out routine inspection and maintenance after installing production molds. Only in the case of relatively large burrs, the mold can be removed and the blade can be simply sharpened. We know that mold wear is not only the wear of the blades, but also causes the wear of some mold parts with use. After such parts are worn, it will affect the accuracy of the entire mold.

4. Illegal activities of workers.

When operating the press, the staff cannot follow the instructions, otherwise the paper will be fed incorrectly.

5. Wrong positioning device.

Due to the inaccuracy of the mold positioning device during the feeding process, it will cause improper coordination of each process, and even cause waste.

For metal stamping parts, since each stamping part requires different stamping parts, there must be specific reasons and specific analysis methods. If the scrap rate of stamping parts is too high, you might as well find out the reasons from these five aspects.

However, the precision requirements of metal punching and drawing parts in the processing industry are often very high, and the requirements for suppliers are also getting higher and higher. However, not all metal stamping factories meet the high precision requirements. Problems that should be paid attention to in the production of die castings:

1. Regularly check the punch, punch and punch mounting seat to ensure the same accuracy of the upper and lower turntables.

2. Metal stamping parts should be strictly cleaned before installation and use. On stamping parts, carefully check that the guide sleeve and die are well lubricated.

3. In order to ensure the drawing and pressing of the parts, the die spring should be replaced regularly to prevent the fatigue damage of the spring and affect the use of the drawing and pressing parts.

4. When installing the die, the stamper should use metal working tools to prevent damage to the stamping parts due to impact and extrusion during the installation process.

5. After the punch and punch edges of stamping parts are worn, they should be stopped and polished immediately. Conversely, edge wear will expand rapidly, die wear will accelerate, and stamping quality and die life will be shortened.

6. According to the installation steps of the die, install the punch and punch on a turntable to ensure that the punch is in the same direction. In particular, the hole punch should be installed strictly according to the orientation to prevent wrong installation and reverse installation.

6. How to calculate the scrap rate of stamping parts

1. The calculation method is as follows:

a. Calculated by weight Casting scrap rate = (casting scrap output / total casting output) X100%

b. Calculated by quantity Casting scrap rate = (number of scrap castings / total number of castings) X100%

2. Scrap Rate, Scrap Factor

The probability that a component will become defective while it is being used to make the parent. The same component may have different scrap rates when used to produce different parent items, so the scrap rate is defined in the bill of materials. When MRP uses the BOM to expand the POR (planned order issuance) of a material to calculate the GR of its components, it will be divided by (1-scrap rate) to expand the GR (total demand) of the components.

The above is the relevant content of the high scrap rate of metal stamping parts and the scrap rate of stamping parts. Qualified products should be strictly regulated. Only by ensuring product quality, stamping parts manufacturers can stabilize the source of customers and go further. Hope the above content is helpful to readers.

How Exhaust Gas Temperature Sensors (EGT) Monitor Exhaust Emissions

Exhaust gas temperature sensors can be found on a variety of vehicles:

• Medium and heavy duty trucks and trucks

• bus

• Construction machinery

• SUV

• Mining machinery

• Agricultural machinery

• Special vehicles (fire trucks, sprinklers)

Design points of drawing die

1. Material selection

In general, the raw materials of the stretched products are specified by the customer, but the same raw materials also have different models, such as cold-rolled sheets: 08Al.08.08F.10.15.20 steel, if the selection is improper, it may not be produced. Qualified product.

Second, open the blank

Generally speaking, most of the convoluted stretched products with simple rules and forms are stretched without thinning, which can be directly determined according to the principle of the product of the front and back sides of the stretch. Assuming that the shape of the tensile member is complex, and occasional tight flow may occur and become thinner, the size of the opening cannot be accurately calculated in general, and the three-dimensional opening is estimated, which is the so-called sample.

3. Tensile calculation coefficient

The tensile coefficient is very important. It needs to be stretched in several steps to ensure that there are no cracks, wrinkles and other problems that require the use of the tensile coefficient formula. This is one of the main parameters in the drawing process calculation and is often used to determine the drawing sequence and number of draws.

However, the tensile coefficient is not fixed, and there are many influences on the tensile coefficient, including: raw material type, thickness, and tensile structure type. The number of stretching, the stretching speed, the large arc of the stretching insert, etc. However, the average person can still consult the table to calculate.

Fourth, it is the problem of ordinary tensile test

During the drawing process, there are often phenomena such as drawing and wrinkling. If there is cracking, it is necessary to study the flow of raw materials. You may wish to apply lubricating oil on the die, not on the punch. Maybe when there is a 0.013-0.018mm film on the product side of the die, it is usually used. The fitter wraps the film.

There are more wrinkles and less cracks, which infers the flow state of the raw materials. Adjustment procedure: adjust the blank holder pressure, increase the drawing rib, change the arc radius of the upper and lower die inserts is too large, the workpiece mouth, etc. Generally speaking, drawing parts are molds with high technological content, whether it is design, processing, assembly or debugging…

Secondly, the design of the tensile parts should be conducive to the improvement of the utilization rate of metal materials, reduce the variety and specifications of materials, and reduce the consumption of materials as much as possible. Allows the use of inexpensive materials to make parts as scrap-free and as low-waste as possible. When designing the extension piece, when it is determined that it can be used normally, the requirements for dimensional accuracy grade and surface roughness should be reduced as much as possible, which is conducive to the interchangeability of products, reduces waste, and ensures stable product quality.

The tensile design requires simple shape and reasonable structure, which is conducive to simplifying the mold structure and simplifying the number of processes, that is, using fewer and simple drawing processes to complete the processing of all parts; less processing by other methods is also conducive to wire drawing operations. It is convenient for organizations to realize mechanized and automated production and improve labor productivity. Tensile parts are designed to meet the usage and technical performance of the product, and are easy to assemble and repair.

The above content is the design of the drawing die. For the general drawing process, simple dies, low melting point alloy dies, die sets, wire drawing manufacturing systems, etc. can be used to organize the drawing processing of multi-variety and small batch parts. Hope the above content is helpful to readers.

Design principles and selection precautions of tensile parts

1. The design principles of the expander are as follows

1. The designed telescopic parts should make the dimensional accuracy grade and surface roughness requirements as low as possible when ensuring normal use, which is conducive to the exchange of products, reduces waste, and ensures stable product quality.

2. The designed telescopic parts should be beneficial to use the existing equipment, process equipment and process flow to deal with it as much as possible, and help to improve the service life of the die.

3. The designed tensile parts must meet the product use and technical performance, and be easy to assemble and repair.

Second, it is reasonable to determine that the punching direction should meet the following three requirements

1. Make sure that the punch can enter the die.

2. Make the area of ​​the punch contacting the blank large. The larger the contact surface, the smaller the angle between the contact surface and the horizontal plane, and the less likely the blank is to have local stress overload, which can lead to part fracture. The mold fit improves the tensile properties of the material, and it is easy to obtain a complete punch shape, which is beneficial to improve the deformation degree of the part.

3. The resistance of each part of the pressing surface must be uniform and reliable. Uniform deep drawing is the main condition to ensure uniform and reliable feeding resistance of all parts of the material surface. In addition, the uniform feeding resistance of each part of the pressing surface is an important guarantee to ensure that the tensile part does not wrinkle or crack.

3. When choosing tensile parts, the following points should be paid attention to

1. For the production of tensile parts, try to choose a standard mold base, and the type and specification of the standard mold base determine the type and specification of the upper and lower mold bases. If you need to plan the die base by yourself, the diameter of the round die should be 30-70 mm larger than the diameter of the concave die, and the length of the rectangular die should be 40-70 mm longer than that of the concave die, and the width of the concave die can be slightly larger or equal. In order to meet the strength and stiffness, the thickness of the die base can be determined with reference to the standard die base, which is generally 1.0-1.5 times the thickness of the female die. For large non-standard mold bases, it is necessary to formulate a casting layout plan according to the actual needs, according to the technical requirements of casting and casting process requirements.

2. The selected or planned formwork must be suitable for the working platform of the selected press and the relevant dimensions of the relevant sliders, and the necessary inspections shall be carried out. If it is said that the overall size of the miniaturization of the lower die base should be at least 40-50mm larger than the size of the leakage hole of the press table.

3. The mold base material generally uses HT200.HT250 or Q235 steel, and the large precision mold mold base uses ZG35.ZG45.

4. The parallelism of the upper and lower surfaces of the die base should meet the requirements, and the parallelism is generally grade 4.

5. The middle distance of the guide sleeve and guide post device holes of the upper and lower die bases must be universal, and the accuracy is generally required to be less than ±0.02mm; the axes of the guide posts and guide sleeve device holes of the die base should be in line with the The upper and lower planes are straight, and when the sliding guide post and guide sleeve are installed, the straightness is usually grade 4.

6. The upper and lower surface roughness of the mold base is Ra1.6-0.8μm, if the parallelism can be guaranteed, it can be reduced to Ra3.2-1.6μm. Gasket: The function of the gasket is to directly accept and disperse the pressure transmitted by the bump, so as to reduce the pressure transmitted by the punch and avoid the part of the die seat from being pressed in. The outer dimensions of the pad are the same as the die, and the fixing method is selected by screws. and pinned.

During the stretching process, due to the different magnitude of the force, the thickness of the stretched part is also different. In general, the bottom center maintains the original thickness, the material at the bottom rounded corners becomes thinner, the material at the top near the upper convex edge becomes thicker, and the material at the rounded corners around the rectangular piece becomes thicker. Standard method for the size of tensile products: When designing a drawing product, the size on the product drawing should be clearly stated, and the outer diameter or inner diameter should be guaranteed, and the inner and outer dimensions should not be marked at the same time. The inner diameter calibration method of the arc of the tensile part: the inner diameter of the concave and convex arc of the tensile part and the height dimensional tolerance of the cylindrical part formed at one time are half of the standard 16-level precision tolerance (GB) and the standard 16-level precision tolerance. in plus or minus signs.

Regarding the design of the above-mentioned tensile parts, in general, there are a series of advantages such as high tensile productivity, low processing cost, high material utilization rate, simple operation, and easy realization of mechanization and automation. Therefore, the market prospect is objective, and only on the premise of ensuring the quality of the drawing parts processing enterprises can they make steady progress. I hope the above can be helpful to readers.

Know some types of temperature sensors

If the voltage difference is amplified, the device produces an analog signal that is proportional to the temperature.

Temperature sensor type:

Thermocouple Sensor

Thermistor Sensor

Resistance temperature detector

thermometer

Infrared temperature sensor

Semiconductor-Based Sensors

Thermocouple Sensors –

A thermocouple sensor is a temperature measurement tool located on two different conductors that touch each other at one or more points. It produces a voltage when the temperature of one of the points is different from the reference temperature of one of the points and the reference temperature of the rest of the circuit.

Thermistor Sensor –

This type of sensor is widely used in body thermometers. If the temperature changes, so does the current or resistance.

Thermistors are instruments made of semiconductor materials whose resistivity is particularly sensitive to temperature.

The resistance of the thermistor decreases as the temperature increases, so when the temperature changes, the change in resistance can be monitored.

Resistance temperature detectors –

They are temperature sensors. Temperature sensors with resistors accumulate temperature changes that change the resistance value.

Resistance temperature detectors are used in the temperature range of -500c to 5000c for thin films and +2000c to 8500c for wirewound varieties. Thin-film (resistance temperature detector) elements have a thin layer of platinum on the underlying material. A new type of model was created, providing the circuit, and providing the specific resistance.

thermometer –

It is a device for measuring the temperature of any kind of solid or liquid, this alcohol is used in tubes that change volume by changing the temperature.

Its volume is proportional to temperature.

Infrared temperature sensor –

This is an electronic non-contact sensor that can be used to emit infrared radiation. IR temperature sensors on the market are I through the surface temperature that emits radiation. Its cost depends on its operation. Its accuracy level depends on its cost. In other words, low cost – low accuracy level and high cost – high accuracy level.

Semiconductor based sensors –

It operates under reverse bias with small capacitance and low leakage current. They are formed on thin silicon wafers. They are compact and produce linear output with a small temperature range. They also feature low cost and accurate tracking calibration.

          Semiconductor-based sensor types –

Voltage output

Current output

digital output

Resistive output

simple diode

Application of temperature sensor:

These are used in electric motors to measure motor winding temperature, bearing temperature, brush temperature.

These are cables used to measure the temperature inside the bench.

Used in mechanical engines to measure engine oil temperature and engine bearing temperature.

In the rubber, plastic, biomedical industries.

How does the exhaust gas temperature sensor work?

Features and Benefits

The single-tube sensing component structure can reduce the volume.

The sensing part and the special-shaped thermistor bring high responsiveness.

Withstand engine vibration.

Detects temperatures from -40 to 1000 degrees Celsius.

Exhaust gas temperature sensor 2200 148

innovative design

The sensing element and sensing section of the EGTS are specifically designed to achieve high performance in a 90% smaller design.

reliable performance

In addition to being more compact, DENSO EGTS is also heat and vibration resistant, which means no sensor damage in the exhaust system.

high accuracy

The sensing section and the molded thermistor enable high responsiveness – the ability to respond to a sudden rise from room temperature to 1000 degrees Celsius in less than 7 seconds.

Types and Features

DENSO’s unique EGTS design and wide range of products provide the right sensor type to suit rapidly growing applications and vehicle models.

Exhaust gas temperature sensor type

response type

All DENSO sensors are highly responsive and accurate. To ensure you get the level of performance you need, we offer standard and highly responsive versions of the EGTS.

Reasons and treatment methods for wrinkling of tensile parts

There are many reasons for the wrinkling of the pulling piece, mainly in the following aspects: the stretched blank is not thick enough, the pressure it can bear is naturally small, and it is easy to wrinkle during the stretching process; each blank is not pressed Select the corresponding elongation coefficient for the texture of the material, and the degree of deformation is difficult to control. If the control is not good, deformation will occur; the blank holder is seriously damaged, and the same pressure cannot be applied to the blank, resulting in uneven pressure capacity and wrinkling. .

The thickness of the drawn blank should be relatively thick, so that it can withstand relative pressure during stretching, and it is not easy to deform and wrinkle; choose an appropriate stretching coefficient corresponding to the texture of the blank, and the degree of deformation is easy to control; The rings need to be replaced or repaired frequently, so that the blanks are under equal pressure and are not prone to wrinkling.

1. How to remove wrinkles when stretched parts appear?

1. It has been proved by a large amount of practical experience in production that the main reason for the wrinkling of the stretched parts is the accumulation of materials during the stretching process and the excessive speed of local material movement. When designing the actual solution, the corresponding mechanism of the mold should be adjusted from the above aspects, and good results can be obtained.

2. The way to prevent wrinkling is to determine whether the die head can press the material during stretching, so as to determine the correct flow rate of the sheet. During the drawing process, the flow rate of the sheet material is too fast during the stamping process, which will cause wrinkles; on the other hand, the flow rate of the sheet material is too slow, which may cause the stamping part to crack.

3. When the wrinkles appear evenly around the stretched piece, it should be judged that the pressing force is not enough.

4. When extruding conical and hemispherical parts, most of the material is suspended when the extrusion begins. Since it is easy to cause wrinkling of the side walls, in addition to increasing the blank holder force, the shrinkage ribs should be enlarged to increase the tensile stress in the plate.

5. If the fillet radius of the die is too large, the bending resistance of the blank will be smaller after the blank flows into the die through the fillet of the die. The better the bending resistance, the easier it is to wrinkle. The smaller the diameter of the die, the greater the bending resistance caused by the bending deformation, and the less likely it is to wrinkle, but it is easy to cause cracking and hair pulling of the workpiece.

2. Precautions for the use, maintenance and repair of tensile parts

1. Before using the stretched parts, a strict inspection should be carried out, and the dirt should be cleaned up, and the guide sleeve and the mold of the stretched parts should be carefully checked whether the lubrication is good.

2. According to the installation procedure of the die, install the convex and concave die on the turntable to ensure that the direction of the convex and concave drawing stamping parts is consistent, especially the drawing and pressing parts with direction requirements (non-circular and square) should be careful to prevent wrong installation. opposite.

3. Regularly check the turntable of the bed and the mold mounting seat to ensure the coaxial accuracy of the upper and lower turntables.

4. When installing the mold, the puncher should use softer metal (such as copper, aluminum, etc.) to make the operating tool to prevent the drawing punch from being broken during the installation process.

5. After the cutting edge of the punch and the concave die of the drawn part is worn, stop using it immediately and sharpen it in time, otherwise it will rapidly expand the wear of the cutting edge of the die, accelerate the wear of the die, and reduce the quality of the punching part and the life of the die.

6. In order to ensure the service life of the stretched parts, the die spring should be replaced regularly to prevent the spring fatigue damage and affect the service life of the stretched parts.

The above are the reasons and treatment methods for the wrinkling of the stretched parts. Attention should be paid to the processing and production of the stretched parts. When using mold equipment such as a press or a die, care should be taken to ensure that the strips are carried out under normal working conditions to prevent transportation. The material is fed along the correct position or not according to the corresponding gap. I hope the above can be helpful to readers.

What are the factors that affect the processing quality of drawing parts?

Materials with good tensile properties can be reused if multiple die tests fail to meet the requirements. Where there is quality, there will be success. Usually 08 steel is produced, which is divided into boiling steel and killed steel. Its cost is relatively low, the surface quality is relatively good, but the segregation is serious, and there is a tendency to “strain aging”. It is not suitable for parts with high stamping performance and strict appearance requirements. Consistent performance, but more expensive.

In the process of deep drawing, the grinding of the drawing die and both sides of the blank holder is not enough, especially the deep drawing of stainless steel plate and aluminum plate, it is more likely to appear drawing marks, and sometimes serious tensile cracks will occur. No wrinkles, no scars. According to the principle that the area of ​​the blank is equal to the area of ​​the stretched part (plus trimming allowance), the correct positioning design of the blank should be carried out. However, the shape and process of drawing parts are often more complex, sometimes thinning and stretching. Although many 3D softwares are available for the calculation of spreading materials, their accuracy cannot meet the requirements.

We know that there is a hole in the middle of all the dies of the drawing die, such as circle, square, octagon, etc. Next, let’s take a look at the processing characteristics of the drawing die;

1. The gap between punch and die should be uniform. For drawing dies without guide equipment, a piece should be placed to adjust the correct installation direction of the punch and die. For the guide die, the gap between the punch and the die should be uniform during assembly.

2. The material has good sealing and elastic deformation during tensile deformation, so the punch and die need to be tested before hardening, which is easy to process and has good wear resistance. After the tensile test mold is qualified, the blanking mold is made according to the test modulus.

3. For the drawing die without guide equipment, it is necessary to place a piece to adjust the correct installation position of the punch and the die; when assembling the guide drawing die, it is necessary to ensure that the gap between the punch and the die is uniform.

4. Generally, when processing the drawing die, first make the drawing die, and then make the blanking die according to the condition of the test die, the processability of the parts and the convenience of the maintenance of the die, and the design should be considered carefully.

5. The processing quality of deep drawing dies has been paid more and more attention by people, and improving the quality of drawing dies is an important factor.

Tensile die process arrangement

1. Parts where the material is thinner and the drawing depth is greater than the diameter: the height can be increased by reducing the diameter of the cylinder, so that the fillet radius can be gradually reduced.

2. Parts with thicker material and closer drawing depth and diameter: If the height remains the same, the fillet radius can be reduced, and the cylinder diameter can be reduced at the same time.

3. When the drawing die is large and the radius of the circle is small, it can be achieved by multiple forming.

4. When the drawing die is too large, it can be formed by bulging as required.

When designing a drawing die, it is necessary to consider the relevant contents of the above-mentioned drawing part die design, such as tensile coefficient, material limit, determination of elasticity, drawing direction, pull-up or pull-down. , sometimes the mold is scrapped. Therefore, the production experience of the drawing die is also very important. I hope the above will be helpful to readers.

Common Defects and Preventive Measures of Stainless Steel Drawing Die

The selection of suitable convex and concave die fillets for stainless steel wire drawing is closely related to the size and distribution of stress. If the radius of the fillet is large, the pressing area of ​​the blank holder is insufficient, which will easily cause instability and wrinkling; if the fillet is too small, it increases the resistance of the material entering the die during deformation, making it difficult for the material to flow and transfer inward, thereby increasing the force transmission. area, which may cause cracking. Therefore, it is very important to choose a reasonable punch and concave die fillet radius. Under the effect of preventing cracks, the punch relative to the fillet radius rp/ is about 4. The degree of polar deformation of the die and punch will increase, and the relative fillet radius of the die will increase by 5mm~8mm, which helps prevent cracking.

4. Thin strip stretching is used for stainless steel stretching: previous testers have also confirmed that the thin strip stretching method can significantly reduce the maximum tangential residual stress of the stretched parts and effectively prevent longitudinal cracking. According to the degree of deformation and the thickness of the original plate, an appropriate thinning coefficient (usually 0.9t~0.95t) is selected. If the value is too small, the deformation stress of the deep-drawing part will increase sharply, resulting in the bottom cracking.

5. An intermediate annealing process is added to the deep drawing method for stainless steel drawing: after multiple deep drawing, an intermediate annealing process should be carried out, which can completely eliminate residual stress and restore the austenitic stainless steel structure. For high-strength steels, it is generally necessary to go through 1 to 2 stretching processes before moderate annealing. For example, 1Crl8Ni9Ti is usually heated at 1150~1170℃, heated for 30min, and then cooled in airflow or water. Moreover, whether it is the heat treatment between processes or the final heat treatment of the finished product, it should be carried out as soon as possible after stretching to avoid deformation or cracking of the workpiece due to internal stress due to long-term storage. However, both annealing and post-cleaning annealing increase product cycle time, which affects surface quality.

6. Use suitable lubricants for stainless steel drawing: using suitable lubricants has a significant effect on stainless steel deep drawing. The lubricant can form a film with certain toughness and ductility between the convex and concave dies, which is beneficial to the stretch forming of stainless steel. Due to the large deformation of stainless steel deep-drawing parts and the difficulty of forming, polyvinyl fluoride film can be used as a lubricant in actual production. PTFE membrane has good tear resistance, certain toughness and ductility, and is easy to clean. After coating the dry film, in the stretching process, the dry film can be deformed together with the blank, and can always separate the blank from the mold, and the film itself has a certain porosity and a large number of fiber cracks, so it can be stored in a certain amount. of lubricating oil.

The above-mentioned common defects and preventive measures of stainless steel drawing die, in the actual production process, the drawing die is prone to strain, and to solve this problem, the adhesive wear should be reduced by changing the characteristics of the contact pair. I hope the above can be helpful to readers.